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ASCE 7 - 10 - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. Significant Changes to the Wind Load Provisions of ASCE 7-10 - An Illustrated Guide. American Society of Civil Engineers. Asce 7-05 minimum. In concert with both ANSI/AISC 360-10 and ASCE/SEI 7-10, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.This will allow these Provisions to be incorporated by ref-erence into the 2012 IBC, which will use ASCE/SEI 7-10 as its basis of design for loadings. AS CE STANDARD ASCE/SEI 7-10 American Society of Civil Engineers Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures This document uses both the International System of Units (SI) and customary units. PRversion1.indd i 4/14/2010 1:40:42 PM. ASCE 7-16: 2-1/2 to 3 inches over 30 to 50 feet (RC II and III) ASCE 7-16 Summary Requires site-specific ground motion study for more projects (Chapter 11) Site-specific procedures are enhanced (Chapter 21) Provides threshold values of post-liquefaction displacement for shallow.
Wind design of roof systems is one of the more complicated things that an architect deals with during the design of a building. And with the latest version of ASCE 7, “Minimum Design Loads For Buildings and Other Structures” (ASCE 7), it has become that much more challenging for roof system designers and roofing contractors. Different editions of building codes exist, and therefore, different versions of ASCE 7 are being used in different parts of the country. The three versions that are currently in use are ASCE 7-05, 7-10, and 7-16, with the “-xx” representing the year of publication.
For more information on wind design and the new ASCE 7, register for the Continuing Education Center webinar, Wind Design of Roof Systems, sponsored by GAF and presented by Jennifer Keegan, AIA, and James R. Kirby, AIA
The progression of ASCE 7 during the last two decades had added complexity to what was once a relatively straight-forward calculation. Understanding the similarities and differences between the three versions of ASCE 7 provides for better recognition of the current version’s complexity and allows for more appropriate wind load determination.
Roof systems that have the tested capacity to resist calculated wind loads can be found in approval listings (e.g., UL, FM). Recognizing how a safety factor is included in the approval listing is critical to ensuring an appropriate roof system is selected and installed. Conceptually, the goal is to determine the design wind loads, then select the appropriate roof system with a tested resistance greater than the design wind loads. If it were only that simple! Yet while it certainly can be complicated, there are ways to break down the steps of wind design in order to make it much more digestible for architects and specifiers.
Building Code Requirements
Before we get into a discussion about the wind design process, it’s appropriate to discuss the requirements in the building code. The 2018 IBC (as well as prior versions) has very specific requirements for what is to be included on the construction documents regarding wind design of roof systems.
The 2018 IBC, in Section 1603, Construction Documents, states:
The 2018 IBC further states, in Section 1603.1.4, Wind design data that the following is to be included on construction documents.
In the end, the design architect’s responsibility is to provide the necessary design wind loads; the manufacturer is responsible for testing roof systems in order to determine wind uplift capacity (See Determining Resistance, below); and the roofing contractor is responsible for proper installation that follows the construction documents and installation instructions.
Determining the loads acting on a rooftop
Simply put, a roof assembly must be able to resist the design wind loads acting on the rooftop. The loads acting on a roof must be calculated in order to select a roof system that has the necessary capacity (i.e., wind uplift resistance). Therefore, step one is to determine the loads acting on the roof of a specific building.
There are a number of factors that determine the design wind uplift loads for the field, perimeter, and corners of a roof. In order to determine the wind loads acting on a roof, the architect/designer needs to know the following about a building—location; building code that is in effect at the building’s location; height, length, and width; exposure category; use and occupancy; enclosure classification; topographic effects; and ground elevation.
Location: The location of the building within the United States tells us two things which must be determined in specific order. The location directs us to the specific version of the IBC or the applicable building code that is in effect for the project. For example, if the 2006 or 2009 IBC is in effect, then ASCE 7-05 governs. If the 2012 or 2015 IBC is in effect, then ASCE 7-10 governs. If the 2018 IBC is in effect, then ASCE 7-16 governs.
Height, Length, Width: Determining the height, length, and width of a building should be straightforward and a vast majority of buildings are predominately square or rectangular in shape, or in general, have square or rectangular roof areas. Note: There are methods to determine the wind loads acting on a roof for non-rectangular or non-square buildings; however, that is outside the scope of this blog.
Exposure Category: Exposure Category is based on the roughness of a building’s nearby terrain. A terrain’s surface roughness is determined from natural topography, vegetation and the surrounding construction.
ASCE 7 uses three Surface Roughness Category types—called B, C and D—which in turn, defines three Exposure Category types, also called B, C and D.
Exposure Categories B, C and D are generally defined as follows:
- Exposure B is applicable to buildings with a mean roof height of less than or equal to 30 ft. and where Surface Roughness B prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 1,500 ft. For buildings with a mean roof height greater than 30 ft., Exposure B shall apply where Surface Roughness B prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 2,600 ft. or 20 times the height of the building, whichever is greater.
- Exposure C is applicable for all cases where Exposure B and D do not apply.
- Exposure D is applicable where Surface Roughness D prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 5,000 ft. or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater. Exposure D also applies where the ground surface roughness immediately upwind of the site is B or C, and the site is within a distance of 600 ft. or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater, from an Exposure D condition.
Use and Occupancy: The use and occupancy of a building is used to determine the “Occupancy Category” in ASCE 7-05 or “Risk Category” in ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 7-16. They are effectively interchangeable terms, however, they are addressed differently. ASCE 7-05 uses Occupancy Category to determine the value to use for the Importance Factor. In ASCE 7-05, Importance Factor is a stand-alone factor in the velocity pressure calculations, and why there is one map in ASCE 7-05. ASCE 7-10 and 7-16 incorporates Risk Category (i.e., importance factor) into the wind speed maps, and that is why there are 3 maps in ASCE 7-10, and 4 maps in ASCE 7-16. In general, the greater the importance of a building, the higher the Importance Factor or Risk Category which results in higher uplift pressures.
Exposure Classification: This factor essentially relates to the possibility that a building will become internally pressurized during a wind event. For ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10, there are three classification types: Open, Partially Enclosed, and Enclosed. ASCE 7-16 amended these classification types by adding another type called, “Partially Open” and also revised some of the definitions. The ASCE 7-16 classification types are Open buildings, Partially Open, Partially Enclosed, and Enclosed buildings.
Using “Partially Enclosed” as the building type results in an increase of about one third in the design wind pressures in the field of the roof versus an “Enclosed” or “Partially Open” building—all other factors held equal. This is significant. Selecting an “Enclosed” or “Partially Open” building when it could become a “Partially Enclosed” building if doors and windows are blown out during a high wind event could result in a roof system without the appropriate capacity to handle the anticipated higher loads.
Figure 1: Graphic showing external and internal air flow possibilities
Topographic Effects: Research and experience has shown that wind speeds can increase significantly due to topographic effects. The wind speed increase is known as a wind speed-up effect. An abrupt change in the topography, such as escarpments, hills or valleys can significantly affect wind speed. ASCE 7 addresses these speed-up effects by applying a multiplier to account for topography in the velocity pressure calculations.
For more in-depth information about determining wind loads, read this blog.
An architect/designer needs to know a building’s location; the building code that is in effect at the building’s location; its height, length, and width; the exposure category; the use and occupancy category; the enclosure classification; any topographic effects; and ground elevation in order to determine the wind loads acting on a roof. Some of these selections may seem straight forward, but some impart a higher resultant design wind load, especially when compounded by similar risk-adverse choices. For more information about Resilient Roof Systems, read this blog.
Revisions to ASCE 7-16
Eventually, we will all use ASCE 7-16 as the basis for determining design wind loads for our roofs. To that end, we will need to understand what has remained the same, what is changed, and what has been added to the latest version of ASCE 7.
Basic differences between versions of ASCE
There are some noteworthy differences between the three ASCE 7 editions and they include: the wind speed maps, roof zones, enclosure classifications, and external pressure coefficients.
Wind speed maps:
Simply put, for the contiguous U.S., ASCE 7-05 has one wind speed map and it is based on Allowable Stress Design. ASCE 7-10 has three wind maps, based on Risk Category I, Risk Category II, and Risk Categories III and IV, and they are based on Strength Design. ASCE 7-16 has four wind speed maps, one for each Risk Category and they are also based on Strength Design.
Note: This blog is not going to try to explain the difference between ASD and Strength Design loads. It’s a hardy structural engineering discussion! However, the appropriateness of using ASD values with roofing systems and the adjustment of the Strength Design to ASD values are addressed in the 2018 IBC and in ASCE 7-16.
Roof zones:
ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10 have three roof zones: field, perimeter and corner, see Figure 2. The dimensions of the zones are mostly determined by a building’s length and width. ASCE 7-16 added another zone and it presents the potential to have four roof zones: interior, field, perimeter and corner, see Figure 3. ASCE 7-16 also revised how the dimensions of the zones are sized; it is based on a building’s height. Figure 4 shows possible roof-zone configurations based on ASCE 7-16.
Figure 2: Roof zone layout for ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10
Figure 3: 4-Roof-Zone layout for ASCE 7-16
Figure 4: Possible roof-zone configurations based on ASCE 7-16
Enclosure classifications:
As covered previously, ASCE 7-05 and ASCE 7-10 have three classification types: Open, Partially Enclosed, and Enclosed, while ASCE 7-16 added Partially Open and slightly modified the definitions. These classifications determine the values to use for the Internal Pressure Coefficient, GCpi. These are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Interior Pressure Coefficients, GCpi, for ASCE 7-16
External Pressure Coefficients (GCp):
The values for External Pressure Coefficients have been significantly increased in ASCE 7-16. This is where much of the concern with ASCE 7-16 lies—the increase in the External Pressure Coefficients—and how the increases will affect design wind pressures. As seen in Figure 6, the GCp values for Field of the roof increased by 70%, for the Perimeter by 28%, and for the Corners by 14%. Because of the different configurations of the roof zones and other factors that are intended to allow for a correction (i.e., a reduction) in velocity pressure, it is hard to state—broadly—a percentage that loads may increase. However, the factors selected by a conservative owner (e.g., choosing Partially Enclosed) also have an effect on the design wind loads. Each project is different, so results will vary. The good news is that the roofing industry has numerous roof assemblies that have tested capacity to meet the design wind loads established under the direction of ASCE 7-16.
Figure 6: External Pressure Coefficients, GCp, for ASCE 7-16 /log-books-for-truck-drivers.html.
Determining Velocity Pressure:
All of the previously discussed assumptions and selections and characterizations of the building are used to determine the Velocity Pressure for a roof project. The Velocity Pressure is the ‘foundational’ load that is used to determine the design wind pressures for each zone of a rooftop. It’s important to recognize there are two basic steps used to determine design wind pressures acting on a roof. The first step is to determine velocity pressure; the second step is to use velocity pressure to determine design wind loads for roof zones (e.g., field, perimeters, and corners).
The equation to determine velocity pressure varies slightly in ASCE 7-05, ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 7-16. ASCE 7 uses the following base equation to determine velocity pressure (qh):
qh = 0.00256 (Kz)(Kzt) (Kd) (V2)(I)
Where:
qh = velocity pressure at mean roof height
Kz = exposure coefficient based on exposure and height
Kzt = topography factor (likely 1.0)
Kd = wind directionality factor (Components and Cladding uses 0.85)
V = basic wind speed for the location
I = Importance Factor (based on Occupancy Category)
Each version of ASCE 7 uses a variation of the above equation. In ASCE 7-05 for example, I—the Importance Factor—is in ASCE 7-05 only. The Importance Factor was absorbed into the wind maps, which means for ASCE 7-10 and ASCE 7-16, the Velocity, V, is adjusted within the wind speed maps. Also new in ASCE 7-16, a ground elevation factor (Ke) can be used to reduce pressures at higher elevations, or it can more conservatively be set to 1.0.
Determining Design Uplift Pressures:
This is the second step in determining design wind pressures. After determining the velocity pressures, the next step is to calculate the design uplift pressures specific to the interior (if applicable), field, perimeter, and corner zones of a roof. Design uplift pressures are adjusted by multiplying the velocity pressure (qh) by the appropriate external pressure coefficients (e.g., GCp), as shown in Figure 6. The external pressure coefficient values are based on roof zones and the appropriate “effective wind area” (which we won’t go into in this blog). Effective wind area is the tributary area for the element being considered, and 10 sq. ft. is typically used for roof systems.
The internal pressure coefficient values are based on the building design (i.e., the enclosure classification). See Figure 5.
Results
This process results in Design Wind Pressures for each roof zone and determines the dimensions for each of the zones (although not discussed in here). Providing this information on the construction documents ensures the contractor and manufacturer (together or separately) can provide an appropriate roof system with tested capacity.
Conclusions
- Don’t mix and match methods; for instance, don’t use the wrong wind map with the online application that you are using. (See Determining Resistance for more information.)
- Select roof systems that have capacity greater than the loads acting on the building.
- Select roof systems that have been tested in accordance with code-approved test methods by accredited testing laboratories.
- Ensure that an appropriate safety factor is included on either the load side or the resistance side. Select a roof system with a tested capacity that meets or exceeds the design wind loads. Use approval listings to select the appropriate roof system.
- In situations where a specific version of ASCE 7 is not mandatory, using the most recent version of ASCE 7 is recommended.
For additional information regarding the changes to the 2005, 2010 and 2016 editions of ASCE 7, refer to the following articles by Thomas L. Smith published in Professional Roofing Magazine: “ASCE 7 update” (June 2008); “Mapping the 2010 wind changes” (August 2010); and “How do I load thee?” (October 2017), respectively.
DETERMINING RESISTANCE
The primary method for determining a roof system’s wind uplift resistance (aka, capacity) is through physical testing. The test methods to determine wind resistance are listed in the IBC Section 1504, Performance Requirements.
In the 2003 and 2006 IBC, for wind resistance of nonballasted roofs, the codes state that built-up, modified bitumen, adhered or mechanically attached single-ply, through fastened metal panel roof systems, and other types of membrane roof coverings shall be tested in accordance with FM 44504, FM 44705, UL 5807 or UL 18978.
In the 2009, 2012, 2015, and 2018 versions of the IBC, for wind resistance of nonballasted roofs, the codes state that built-up, modified bitumen, adhered or mechanically attached single-ply roof systems, metal panel roof systems applied to a solid or closely fitted deck and other types of membrane roof coverings shall be tested in accordance with FM 44746, UL 5807, or UL 18978.
These tests are run by approved testing agencies. FM Approvals, Underwriters Laboratory, Intertek, NEMO, PRI, and others can perform testing—according to the code-approved test methods—that can be used to determine a roof system’s capacity.
It is important that the testing method used to determine the capacity of a roof system is listed in the applicable building code.
Approval listings
The tested roof systems are found in approval listings. Approval listings are maintained by various entities, such as government agencies, testing laboratories, and even a trade association. Example of government agencies with approval listings include: Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation, Miami Dade County, and Texas Department of Insurance. Testing laboratories that have listings of rated roofing assemblies include Underwriters Laboratories and FM Approvals. And lastly, SPRI sponsors the Directory of Roofing Assemblies (DORA) which is an online database of tested assemblies.
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The application of glass as a structural material may seem surprising initially, yet pioneering glass structures were first built two decades ago already. Ever since, Structural Glass has been developing at a very high pace thanks to very intensive scientific and industrial research and new technological developments.Right at the heart of these rap
Design Loads On Structures During Construction
Author :ISBN :0784413096
Genre :Buildings
File Size : 35.94 MB
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Prepared by the Design Loads on Structures during Construction Standards Committee of the Codes and Standards Activities Division of the Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE Design loads during construction must account for the often short duration of loading and for the variability of temporary loads. Many elements of the completed structure that provide strength, stiffness, stability, or continuity may not be present during construction. Design Loads on Structures during Construction, ASCE/SEI 37-14, describes the minimum design requirements for construction loads, load combinations, and load factors affecting buildings and other structures that are under construction. It addresses partially completed structures as well as temporary support and access structures used during construction. The loads specified are suitable for use either with strength design criteria, such as ultimate strength design (USD) and load and resistance factor design (LRFD), or with allowable stress design (ASD) criteria. The loads are applicable to all conventional construction methods. Topics include: load factors and load combinations; dead and live loads; construction loads; lateral earth pressure; and environmental loads. Of particular note, the environmental load provisions have been aligned with those of Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI 7-10. Because ASCE/SEI 7-10 does not address loads during construction, the environmental loads in this standard were adjusted for the duration of the construction period. This new edition of Standard 37 prescribes loads based on probabilistic analysis, observation of construction practices, and expert opinions. Embracing comments, recommendations, and experiences that have evolved since the original 2002 edition, this standard serves structural engineers, construction engineers, design professionals, code officials, and building owners.
Snow Loads
Author :Michael O'RourkeISBN :9780784471609
Genre :Technology & Engineering
File Size : 55.69 MB
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Snow Loads: Guide to the Snow Load Provisions of ASCE 7-05 provides a detailed, authoritative interpretation of the snow load provisions of Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, Standard ASCE/SEI 7-05. This edition, updated to correspond to the new edition of ASCE 7, includes examples of flat roof loads, sloped roof loads, partials loads, and all types of conventional drift loading. A new chapter offers three complete design examples: a metal building with a roof step, a pole barn with a hip roof, and a single-family residence with attached, two-car garage. Recent changes to the provisions for unbalanced loads and rain-on-snow surcharge loads are explained. Several example problems have been updated and two fresh examples added. The revised and expanded Frequently Asked Questions chapter addresses common snow loading cases not explicitly covered in ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05. As the only book devoted to the illustration, interpretation, and application of the snow load provisions of ASCE/SEI Standard 7-05, Snow Loads is an essential reference for structural engineers, architectects, and construction professionals working in areas where snow loading is a design consideration.
Structural Condition Assessment
Author :Robert T. RatayISBN :UOM:39015059232044
Genre :Technology & Engineering
File Size : 79.75 MB
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Asce 7-10 Pdf Wind Loads
In Structural Condition Assessment, editor-in-chief Robert T. Ratay gathers together the leading people in the field to produce the first unified resource on all aspects of structural condition assessment for strength, serviceability, restoration, adaptive reuse, code compliance, and vulnerability. Organized by the four main stages of a structural evaluation, this book provides an introduction to structural deterioration and its consequences, the business and legal aspects of conducting an evaluation, initial survey and evaluation techniques for various structures, and specific tests for five of the most common structural materials (concrete, steel, masonry, timber and fabric.)Temporary Structures In Construction Third Edition
Author :Robert RatayISBN :9780071753081
Genre :Technology & Engineering
File Size : 88.57 MB
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The most complete and current guide to temporary structures in design and construction With significant revisions, updates, and new chapters, Temporary Structures in Construction, Third Edition presents authoritative information on professional practice, codes, standards, design, erection, maintenance, and failures of temporary support and access structures used in construction. New developments and advancingtechnologies are discussed throughout the book, and new chapters on construction and environmental loads, cranes, and lessons learned from temporary structure failures have been added. Improve the quality, safety, speed, and financial success of construction projects with help from this practical resource. Inside, 26 expert contributors cover: Professional and business practices Standards, codes, and regulations Construction and environmental loads Construction site safety Legal aspects Cofferdams Earth-retaining structures Diaphragm/slurry walls Construction dewatering Underground/tunneling supports Underpinning Roadway decking Construction ramps, runways, and platforms Scaffolding Shoring/falsework Concrete formwork Bracing and guying for stability Bridge falsework Temporary structures in repair and restoration Cranes Protection of site, adjacent areas, and utilities Failure of temporary structures in construction
Contractor S Guide To The Building Code
Author :Jack M. HagemanISBN :9781572182028
Genre :Technology & Engineering
File Size : 50.37 MB
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Asce 7 10 Pdf Wind
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Don't let your jobs be held up by failing code inspections. Smooth sign-off by the inspector is the goal, but to make this ideal happen on your job site, you need to understand the requirements of latest editions of the International Building Code and the International Residential Code. Understanding what the codes require can be a real challenge. This new, completely revised Contractor's Guide to the Building Code cuts through the 'legalese' of the code books. It explains the important requirements for residential and light commercial structures in plain, simple English so you can get it right the first time.